Article
Gary Hanna

The Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius

Two texts explore one of the world’s most famous volcano blasts 

By Lauren Tarshis

Learning Objective: Students will learn knowledge-building details about life in ancient Rome and about the historic disaster that ended up preserving traces of it. 

Lexile: 700L-800L, 600L-700L
Guided Reading Level: V
DRA Level: 50

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Knowledge Building

As you read these articles, look for details about life in ancient Rome and how we know what it was like.  

The Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius

Nearly 2,000 years ago, a volcanic eruption destroyed the city of Pompeii. Thousands died. It was the worst disaster of the ancient world. Now imagine that you are there.

Let’s take a trip back to ancient Rome. 

It’s going to be a long trip—nearly 2,000 years. Close your eyes and imagine it: a time before computers or cars or electric lights. America wasn’t a country.

Back then, most of Europe and the Middle East were part of what is known as the Roman Empire. The capital of the Roman Empire was the city of Rome.

It’s going to be a fascinating trip. But also frightening. Because you’re about to witness one of the most devastating disasters in the history of the world.

Let’s take a trip back to ancient Rome.  

It’s going to be a long trip—nearly 2,000 years. Close your eyes and imagine it: a time before computers or cars or electric lights. America wasn’t a country.

Back then, most of Europe and the Middle East were part of what is known as the Roman Empire. The capital of the Roman Empire was the city of Rome.

The trip will be interesting. But scary too. Because you’re about to witness one of the worst disasters in the history of the world.

It’s a typical summer day in the beautiful city of Pompeii in the year 79 A.D.. The main street is packed with people—women swishing by in long robes, men in tunics, children with leather sandals that slap against the hot stone streets.

Vendors shout for your attention, offering you slices of juicy melons or sizzling hunks of roasted meats. A cobra peeks out of a basket. A parrot calls out a hello from the shoulder of a shopkeeper.

 “Salve!” he squawks in Latin, the language of the Roman Empire.

You’re surprised by how modern this city seems. It has a library, shops, and restaurants. You stop at a food market, where you can taste dozens of delicacies. Don’t you want to try some roasted mice stuffed with nuts and rose petals?

Look at those beautiful marble and bronze statues standing all over the city. These monuments honor the mighty emperors—the kings—who built Rome into the most powerful empire in the world.

Wait! Look at that person walking by, the huge man with scars on his face. He’s a famous gladiator, a special kind of fighter. Does he look nervous? That’s because tonight he will fight in Pompeii’s amphitheater, a stadium big enough to hold 20,000 people.

Romans love to watch gladiators fight each other with fists, swords, clubs, or knives. Sometimes men are pitted against ferocious lions or bears. If it sounds gruesome, that’s because it is. Some gladiators die in battle. 

It’s a summer day in the beautiful city of Pompeii. The year is 79 a.d. The main street is packed with people. Women walk by in long robes. Men wear tunics. Children's leather sandals slap against the streets.

Vendors sell slices of juicy melons or hunks of roasted meats. A cobra peeks out of a basket. A parrot calls out a hello from the shoulder of a shopkeeper.

 “Salve!” he squawks in Latin, the language of the Roman Empire.

You’re surprised by how modern this city seems. It has a library, shops, and restaurants. You stop at a food market, where you can taste dozens of treats. Don’t you want to try some roasted mice stuffed with nuts and rose petals?

Look at the marble and bronze statues standing all over the city. They honor the emperors—the kings—who built Rome into the most powerful empire in the world.

Wait! Look at that person walking by, the huge man with scars on his face. He’s a famous gladiator, a special kind of fighter. Does he look nervous? That’s because tonight he will fight in Pompeii’s amphitheater, a stadium big enough to hold 20,000 people.

Romans love to watch gladiators fight each other with fists, swords, clubs, or knives. Sometimes men fight lions or bears. If it sounds awful, that’s because it is. Some gladiators die in battle.

Jim McMahon/Mapman® 

The Roman Empire stretched across much of Europe and Northern Africa. Pompeii is located in the country we now call Italy.

The Volcano

Maybe by now you’ve noticed it—the massive mountain that looms behind the city.

That’s Mount Vesuvius.

You haven’t given it much thought—and neither do the people of Pompeii. Why should they? It’s just a big mountain, silent and still, its gentle slopes covered with trees and vineyards. Except Mount Vesuvius is not just a mountain.

It is a volcano.

Vesuvius sits atop a crack in Earth’s crust—the hard, rocky layer that covers the surface of our planet like the shell of an egg. The crack in the crust allows molten rock called magma to seep up from miles below. A huge lake of magma boils under Vesuvius, steaming with poisonous, explosive gases.

But the people of Pompeii have no idea what is festering below.

How could they? There is not even a word for volcano in Latin. And Vesuvius has been dormant—asleep—for 1,500 years.

But now Vesuvius is waking up.

For months, magma has been rising through the center of the volcano, filling it like fiery blood. Pressure is building. An enormous eruption is coming.

There have been warning signs over the past few weeks. Talk to the farmers who tend to the vineyards around Vesuvius. They’ll tell you about a terrible stinging smell—like rotten eggs—that wafts from the mountaintop. Is it a warning from the gods? Like the ancient Greeks before them, the Romans believe that gods and goddesses control everything in the world. Even many scientists of the time believe that natural disasters are caused by angry gods.

Nobody understands that the terrible smell is sulfurous gas, part of the explosive brew simmering inside the volcano.

And there have been other signs of a coming disaster. The extreme heat underground has caused springs to dry up. Goats and sheep are dropping dead on the mountain, their lungs seared by the poisonous gases. Most alarming of all: Small earthquakes have erupted throughout the city, a sign of growing strain on the land.

All of this is evidence that a huge eruption will come any second. The people of Pompeii should have evacuated weeks before. If only they understood. But you do. So what are you doing standing around? Run now!

Have you noticed the huge mountain that looms behind the city?

That’s Mount Vesuvius.

You haven’t given it much thought. Neither have the people of Pompeii. Why should they? It’s just a big mountain, silent and still, its gentle slopes covered with trees and vineyards. Except Mount Vesuvius is not just a mountain.

It is a volcano.

Vesuvius sits atop a crack in Earth’s crust—the hard, rocky layer that covers the surface of our planet like the shell of an egg. The crack in the crust allows molten rock called magma to seep up from miles below. A huge lake of magma boils under Vesuvius, steaming with poisonous gases.

But the people of Pompeii don't know what is festering below.

How could they? There is not even a word for volcano in Latin. And Vesuvius has been dormant—asleep—for 1,500 years.

But now Vesuvius is waking up.

For months, magma has been rising through the center of the volcano, filling it like fiery blood. Pressure is building. An eruption is coming.

There have been warning signs over the past few weeks. Talk to the farmers who tend to the vineyards around Vesuvius. They’ll tell you about a terrible stinging smell—like rotten eggs—that wafts from the mountaintop. Is it a warning from the gods? Like the ancient Greeks before them, the Romans believe that gods and goddesses control everything in the world. Even many scientists of the time believe that natural disasters are caused by angry gods.

No one understands that the terrible smell is sulfurous gas, part of the explosive mixture inside the volcano.

And there have been other signs of a coming disaster. The extreme heat underground has caused springs to dry up. Goats and sheep are dropping dead on the mountain, their lungs seared by the poisonous gases. Most alarming of all: Small earthquakes have erupted throughout the city, a sign of growing strain on the land.

All of this is evidence that a huge eruption will come any second. The people of Pompeii should have evacuated weeks before. If only they understood. But you do. So why are you standing around? Run! Now!

Christina Wald    

Gladiators

Gladiators were trained fighters who battled each other with knives, swords, and nets. They also fought wild animals. The fights attracted huge crowds. Most gladiators were slaves forced to fight.

A Boiling Avalanche

But actually, it’s too late for you—and the people of Pompeii.

BOOM!

A powerful explosion seems to shatter the sky. The ground shakes violently. People fall. Horses and donkeys scream. Birds scatter by the thousands.

You see a terrifying sight: a gigantic column of gray smoke spewing from the top of Mount Vesuvius.

Except it’s not smoke.

The intense heat produced by the eruption has turned millions of tons of solid rock into superheated foam. The boiling plume shoots 12 miles into the sky at rocket speeds. When it hits the freezing air above Earth, the melted rock turns into tiny pebbles called pumice. It spreads through the air, carried by the wind, and pours down on Pompeii.

The pumice falls with painful force. It is mixed with hot ash, which clogs your nose and throat. 

Many people are fleeing. Go with them! Push your way past the donkey carts and get through one of the gates of the city. Grab hold of the hand of a little boy who has become separated from his family. Keep moving. The farther away you get, the more likely you are to survive.

Other people decide to stay behind, to guard their homes and businesses. Crime is bad in Pompeii. An abandoned home or shop will almost certainly be looted by thieves. People hide in their homes. They think this strange storm of ash and rock will soon end.

They are wrong.

The sky turns black. As hours pass, the weight of the pumice causes roofs to collapse, trapping people in their homes.

Then more terror.

As the volcano loses energy, the molten rock and ash mix together to create superheated waves that rush down the mountain at up to 180 miles an hour. This burning, poisonous avalanche is known as a pyroclastic flow. When it hits Pompeii, death for those left behind is almost instant.

Over the next hours, millions of tons of ash and rock fall on the city.

In the weeks that follow, people search Pompeii for survivors.

There are none.

In fact, the entire city seems to have vanished. Pompeii is buried under more than 10 feet of rock.

Within a few decades, Pompeii is all but forgotten, wiped off the face of the Earth.

Too late.

BOOM!

An explosion seems to shatter the sky. The ground shakes. People fall. Horses and donkeys scream. Birds scatter.

A huge column of gray smoke spews from the top of Mount Vesuvius.

Except it’s not smoke.

The heat from the eruption has turned millions of tons of rock into superheated foam. The boiling plume shoots 12 miles into the sky at rocket speeds. When it hits the freezing air above Earth, the melted rock turns into tiny pebbles called pumice. It spreads through the air and pours down on Pompeii.

The pumice falls with painful force. It is mixed with hot ash, which clogs your nose and throat.  

Many people are fleeing. Go with them! Push your way past the donkey carts. Get through one of the gates of the city. Grab the hand of a little boy who has become separated from his family. Keep moving. The farther away you get, the more likely you are to survive.

Other people stay behind, to guard their homes and businesses. Crime is bad in Pompeii. An abandoned home or shop will almost certainly be looted by thieves. People hide in their homes. They think this strange storm of ash and rock will soon end.

They are wrong.

The sky turns black. As hours pass, roofs collapse under the weight of the pumice. People get trapped in their homes.

Then more terror.

As the volcano loses energy, the molten rock and ash mix together to create superheated waves that rush down the mountain at up to 180 miles an hour. This burning, poisonous avalanche is known as a pyroclastic flow. When it hits Pompeii, death for those left behind is almost instant.

Over the next hours, millions of tons of ash and rock fall on the city.

In the weeks that follow, people search Pompeii for survivors.

There are none.

In fact, the whole city seems to have vanished. Pompeii is buried under more than 10 feet of rock.

Within a few decades, Pompeii is all but forgotten.

Christina Wald    

Pompeii’s Rich 

Pompeii’s rich lived in luxurious homes—villas decorated with paintings and mosaics. All cooking and housework were done by slaves. Less privileged citizens lived in smaller homes and apartments.

A Vanished World

You survived your day in Pompeii. You are one of the lucky ones who made it far enough away from the city to escape being crushed.

But before you go home, let’s take one more trip, to Pompeii today. The ruins lie near the city of Naples, in southern Italy. For nearly 1,700 years, Pompeii was forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1748 and has been under almost constant study ever since.

The layers of pumice and ash that fell on Pompeii formed a shell over the city, preserving it as a time capsule of Roman life.

Over the centuries, archaeologists have unearthed dazzling treasures, like jewels and silver dishes, mosaic artwork and statues. They even found the remains of a basket of eggs and a bowl of chicken soup.

As you walk through the ruins of Pompeii today, you can admire the remains of houses, shops, and temples. You can almost hear the voices and laughter of the citizens. And you can see Mount Vesuvius.

It is silent and still. But don’t be fooled.

Vesuvius has erupted more than 30 times since Pompeii was destroyed, the last time in 1944. These eruptions were small. But scientists have no doubt that the volcano will erupt again, possibly with the same explosive force as it did in 79 A.D. They worry about the millions of people who live in the eruption zone.

Will there be enough warning before the next eruption? Or will people suffer the same fate as ancient Pompeiians—swallowed by fire, buried in ash, and lost to time?

Would you want to be there to find out?

You survived your day in Pompeii. You are one of the lucky ones who made it to safety in time.

But before you go home, let’s take one more trip, to Pompeii today. The ruins lie near the city of Naples, in southern Italy. For nearly 1,700 years, Pompeii was forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1748. People have been studying it ever since.

The layers of pumice and ash that fell on Pompeii formed a shell over the city, preserving it as a time capsule of Roman life.

Over the centuries, archaeologists have dug up dazzling treasures. They've found jewels and silver dishes, mosaic artwork and statues. They even found the remains of a basket of eggs and a bowl of chicken soup.

As you walk through the ruins of Pompeii today, you can admire the remains of houses, shops, and temples. You can almost hear the voices and laughter of the citizens. And you can see Mount Vesuvius.

It is silent and still. But don’t be fooled.

Vesuvius has erupted more than 30 times since Pompeii was destroyed. The last time was in 1944.

These eruptions were small. But scientists say the volcano will erupt again, maybe with the same force as it did in 79 a.d. They worry about the millions of people who live in the eruption zone.

Will there be enough warning before the next eruption? Or will people suffer the same fate as ancient Pompeiians?

Would you want to be there to find out? 

Christina Wald

Schools

Schools did not exist in Pompeii, but wealthy citizens hired tutors to teach their sons (though usually not their daughters) Latin, Greek, grammar, and poetry. Education was prized.

The Lost City Is Found 

After nearly 1,700 years, Pompeii was rediscovered—giving us fascinating clues about the ancient world

Petr Svarc/Alamy Stock Photo

In 1748, a farmer was digging a well in his field in southern Italy. Suddenly, his pick struck something hard—and he soon came face-to-face with a giant, staring marble statue. Little did the farmer know that he had just rediscovered the lost city of Pompeii.

Pompeii had been buried for nearly 1,700 years, since the eruption of Vesuvius. Most people had forgotten it even existed. Soon, workers began clearing away ash and pumice to reveal a city miraculously frozen in time. 

In 1748, a farmer was digging a well in his field in southern Italy. Suddenly, his pick struck something hard. Soon he was face-to-face with a big marble statue. Little did the farmer know that he had just rediscovered the lost city of Pompeii.

Pompeii had been buried for nearly 1,700 years, since the eruption of Vesuvius. Most people had forgotten it even existed. Soon, workers began clearing away ash and pumice to reveal a city frozen in time.

Stepping into the Past    

Roberto Machado Noa/LightRocket via Getty Images

At first, the main goal of the digging was to unearth Pompeii’s riches—beautiful paintings, golden crowns, glittering jewels. But soon, people realized that the city offered an even greater treasure: the chance to learn how the ancient Romans actually lived. Experts carefully excavated and studied the ruins. A new type of science was born, known as archaeology.

In the mid-1800s, archaeologists had a big breakthrough. When the volcano erupted, victims were trapped in a mixture of ash and pumice, which hardened like cement. The bodies eventually decayed, leaving people-shaped holes. Scientists poured plaster into these holes, then chipped away at the rock around them. What remained were detailed statues of the people of Pompeii, frozen in their terrifying final moments.

At first, the main goal of the digging was to unearth Pompeii’s riches—beautiful paintings, golden crowns, glittering jewels. But soon, people realized that the city offered an even greater treasure: the chance to learn how the ancient Romans lived. Experts excavated and studied the ruins. A new type of science was born. It was known as archaeology.

In the mid-1800s, archaeologists had a big breakthrough. When the volcano erupted, victims were trapped in a mixture of ash and pumice, which hardened like cement. The bodies eventually decayed, leaving people-shaped holes. Scientists poured plaster into these holes, then chipped away at the rock around them. What remained were detailed statues of the people of Pompeii, frozen in their final moments.

New Discoveries

Since then, archaeologists have come up with new tools and techniques for cracking open Pompeii’s secrets. They have examined the plaster statues with lasers and X-rays. They have created digital 3-D models of buildings. They’ve even studied poop from ancient toilets.

Their work has revealed that life in Pompeii wasn’t so different from life today. The Romans kept pets, shopped at stores, and ate lunch at fast-food restaurants called thermopolia.

Today, one-third of the city is still waiting to be uncovered. But experts worry that their work could be cut short by another big eruption. Could the lost city be buried once again?

No one is sure. In the meantime, 3.5 million people visit each year, drawn by the chance to step into an ancient world. 

Since then, archaeologists have come up with new ways to crack open Pompeii’s secrets. They have examined the plaster statues with lasers and X-rays. They have created digital 3-D models of buildings. They’ve even studied poop from ancient toilets.

What have they learned? That life in Pompeii wasn’t so different from life today. The Romans kept pets, shopped at stores, and ate lunch at fast-food restaurants called thermopolia.

Today, one-third of the city is still waiting to be uncovered. But experts worry that their work could be cut short by another big eruption. Could the lost city be buried once again?

No one is sure. In the meantime, 3.5 million people visit each year, drawn by the chance to step into an ancient world.

This article was originally published in the December 2019/January 2020 issue.    

This article was originally published in the December 2019/January 2020 issue.    

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Can't-Miss Teaching Extras

Investigate this story’s connections with history and environmental science with these two fact-packed web pages on volcanoes and Pompeii from DKfindout.

Take a virtual visit to present-day Pompeii and wander around the archaeological site with a tour through some of the ancient city’s most popular attractions. Learn more about each site with an in-depth written description.

This interactive timeline from the British Museum will transport your students to the day Mount Vesuvius erupted. It also features helpful graphics that will help them understand the city of Pompeii and the scale of its destruction.

This Volcanoes 101 video from National Geographic has stunning footage of volcanic eruptions and a clear explanation of why they can explode with violent force. It also highlights the significant ways in which the Earth benefits from these eruptions. 

More About the Story

Skills

key details, vocabulary, author’s craft, text features, text evidence, cause and effect, inference, synthesizing, compare and contrast, narrative and informational writing

Complexity Factors

Purpose

The first text describes the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius and shows how dangerous and damaging a volcanic eruption can be. The second text demonstrates how much we can learn from archaeological research. 

Structure

The first text, a narrative written in the present tense and from the first-person point of view, includes many descriptive passages. The second text is informational.

Language

The article includes a good deal of challenging vocabulary (e.g. wafts, festering, excavating) as well as metaphors, similes, and rhetorical questions.

Knowledge Demands 

Prior knowledge of what archaeologists do will be helpful.  

Step-by-Step Lesson Plan

1. Preparing to Read

Preview Text Features and Vocabulary (30 minutes)

  • Prompt students to share what they know about the science of volcanoes by asking “What happens when a volcano erupts?” Tell them they are going to read about a very famous eruption.
  • Have students read the headlines and subheads of each article. Invite them to predict what happened in the disaster. Ask a volunteer to read aloud the Up Close box.
  • Show the vocabulary slideshow and distribute the vocabulary Skill Builder to preview challenging words. Highlighted terms: empire, tunics, molten, festering, wafts, seared, evacuated, time capsule, excavated, decayed

2. Close Reading

Read and Unpack the Text (45 minutes)

Read the articles as a class or in small groups. Then have groups discuss or write their answers to the close-reading and critical-thinking questions.

 

Close-Reading Questions

  • In the article “The Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius,” how does author Lauren Tarshis help you feel as if you were witnessing the action in Pompeii? (author’s craft) Tarshis opens the article by asking you to imagine traveling back in time to Pompeii in 79 A.D. She describes the action as if you were in the middle of it. She also addresses the reader directly as “you.”
  • Based on the beginning of the article and the map on page 15, what was the Roman Empire? When and in what city does the story take place? (knowledge building) The Roman Empire was a large area of land that included most of Europe and parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa. The capital, where the area’s leaders lived, was in Rome. The article takes place in Pompeii in 79 A.D.
  • Reread the first section of the article on page 16. What are three details you learn about life in ancient Rome? (key details) Answers may include that people wore robes, tunics, and leather sandals; they ate fruits, roasted meats, and stuffed mice; Latin was the language of the Roman Empire; Rome was the most powerful empire in the world at the time; gladiators had fierce and deadly battles against animals and each other.
  • Based on “The Volcano,” what do we know about Vesuvius today that the people of Pompeii didn’t know? What signs could have helped them avoid disaster if they had understood them? (text evidence) We know that Vesuvius is a volcano. If Pompeiians had known that the foul odor they smelled was sulfurous gas from the volcano, that springs had dried up because of heat from the volcano, or that small earthquakes were a sign of the volcano putting strain on the land, they might have been able to escape the destruction.
  • Reread “A Boiling Avalanche.” What were some of the effects of Vesuvius’s eruption? (cause and effect) Millions of tons of hot stone shot 12 miles into the air and rained down on Pompeii, burying it in pumice and hot ash; a burning, poisonous pyroclastic flow rushed down the mountain, destroying everything in its path.
  • In “A Vanished World,” what does the article suggest about Vesuvius’s future activity? How might people’s reactions differ from last time? (inference) Vesuvius could erupt again with the same force as in 79 A.D. Students might say that because we can recognize warning signs, people could flee before an eruption.
  • Based on the first article and “The Lost City Is Found,” how did Pompeii become a “lost city”? When and how was it found? (synthesizing) It became a lost city by being buried under millions of tons of ash and rock. After a few decades went by, people forgot it had ever existed. It was found in 1748 by a farmer digging a well, who unearthed a marble statue from Pompeii.
  • How did scientists make plaster statues of people who had died in Vesuvius’s eruption? What do you think we can learn from these statues? (key details) The rock and ash from Vesuvius instantly buried people in a cement-like material. Over time, their bodies decayed; scientists could fill the space they had taken up with plaster, creating statues of people in their last moments. The statues show the activities people were engaged in and how similar many were to us.

 

Critical-Thinking Questions

  • Based on both articles and the text features, how was life in ancient Pompeii similar to life today? How was it different? (compare and contrast) Similarities include that people had pets, went to stores, restaurants, and the library, and enjoyed entertainment. Some kids were educated, but usually only boys, who were tutored at home. Some people had to be slaves or gladiators, which fortunately is different from people in most of the world today.
  • The second article states that 3.5 million people visit Pompeii each year. Would you like to go there if you were to have the chance? Answer using details from the articles. (synthesizing) Answers will vary.

3. Skill Building

Featured Skill: Knowledge Building

Have students grow their core knowledge by working in groups on our Research Kit. They can add details they learn in their research as they respond to the writing prompt.

Differentiate and Customize
For Struggling Readers

Have students read or listen to the audio recording of the lower-Lexile version of the articles. Then put students in pairs to discuss what they found most interesting and what they would like to ask a child living in Pompeii before the eruption.

For Advanced Readers

As another text pairing, have students read I Survived the Destruction of Pompeii, A.D. 79 by Lauren Tarshis. Then have them work in groups to discuss what they learned from the book about ancient Rome and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that wasn’t in the article.

For ELL Students

The unusual second-person point of view might be challenging for ELL students. Read the beginning of the article aloud to them, starting with the headline and emphasizing the line “Now imagine that you are there.” Make sure students understand that the article is being told as if “you” were personally wandering the streets of Pompeii.

For Small Groups

In addition to the highlighted vocabulary words, this article contains domain-specific terms having to do with volcanoes, including Earth’s crust, magma, eruption, sulfurous gas, plume, pumice, and pyroclastic flow. Have students work in groups to define them, making a picture glossary.

Text-to-Speech